Gum disease refers to inflammatory conditions affecting the gums and, in more advanced cases, the tissues and bone that support the teeth. It is one of the most common health conditions in Australia and a recognised cause of tooth loss in adults. It develops in stages, and earlier assessment generally allows for simpler management.

Gingivitis is inflammation limited to the gums, where plaque along the gum line can cause red, swollen gums that may bleed when you brush. At this stage, the inflammation can often be resolved with professional care and effective oral hygiene. If risk factors and inflammation persist, some people may develop periodontitis, which affects the supporting tissues around the teeth.

Periodontitis is a more advanced form of gum disease in which inflammation affects the supporting tissues around the teeth and can lead to loss of the bone that supports them. Gums may recede and teeth may become loose. Bone that has already been lost is not generally recoverable, which is why earlier assessment matters.

Signs to Watch For

• Gums that bleed when brushing or flossing
• Red, swollen or tender gums
• Persistent bad breath or a bad taste
• Gums pulling away from the teeth, making teeth look longer
• New gaps appearing between teeth, or teeth feeling loose
• Discomfort when chewing

Gum disease is often painless in its early stages, so it can progress unnoticed. Bleeding gums are not normal and are worth an assessment even if nothing hurts.

What Increases the Risk

Plaque build up is the primary cause, but smoking, diabetes, certain medications, hormonal changes, family history and stress all increase risk. Smokers are at particularly high risk and often show fewer warning signs because smoking reduces gum bleeding.

How We Treat It

Treatment depends on the type and severity of gum disease and your individual circumstances. Management of gingivitis may include professional cleaning together with advice on improving oral hygiene at home.

Periodontitis may require more extensive cleaning below the gum line, sometimes over several appointments, followed by ongoing periodontal maintenance. In some cases, referral to a periodontist may be recommended.

During your dental assessment, we may measure the spaces between your teeth and gums (periodontal pockets), assess gum bleeding and recession, and use dental X-rays where clinically indicated to evaluate the supporting bone.

Treatment recommendations and outcomes vary between individuals and depend on factors including the severity of the condition, individual risk factors and ongoing oral hygiene.

Frequently Asked Questions